|
Borrowed scenery (借景; (日本語:''shakkei''); (中国語:''jièjǐng'')) is the principle of "incorporating background landscape into the composition of a garden" found in traditional East Asian garden design. The term is Chinese in origin, and appears in the 17th century garden treatise ''Yuanye''. ==Borrowed scenery in the ''Sakuteiki''== The term ''borrowed scenery'' is not mentioned in the oldest extant Japanese garden manual, the . However, this text, which is attributed to Tachibana Toshitsuna (橘俊綱, 1028-1094 CE), a son of the Byodoin's designer Fujiwara no Yorimichi (藤原頼通, 990-1074 CE), records as one of the first principles of garden making: According to the lay of the land, and depending upon the aspect of the water landscape, you should design each part of the garden tastefully, recalling your memories of how nature presented itself for each feature. (tr. Inaji 1998:13) Three principle tenets guiding Japanese garden organization are, * intending to create in the likeness of nature * planning in accordance with the site topography * capturing and presenting the ambiance ''Shakkei'', which attempts to capture nature alive rather than create a less spectacular version, can be taken as to allude to the first of these categories. The origins of an interest in the landscape outside the Heian period gardens, Shinden-zukuri gardens, lie in the increased local travel of the Japanese elite, a layered endeavor involving the bolstering of a national identity separate from China and the display of personal wealth. When they returned from their travels they would want to physically manifest these travels at home in a more ostentatious way than could be accomplished solely with art, weapons, or ceramics. Thus, ''borrowed scenery'' was introduced to incorporate the foreign landscapes seen in northern Japan into the southern cities of Nara and Kyoto. According to the 1635 CE Chinese garden manual ''Yuanye'' (園冶), there are four categories of borrowed scenery, namely: ''yuanjie'' (遠借 "distant borrowing", e.g., mountains, lakes), ''linjie'' (隣借 "adjacent borrowing", neighboring buildings and features), ''yangjie'' (仰借 "upward borrowing", clouds, stars), and ''fujie'' (俯借 "downward borrowing", rocks, ponds); respectively Japanese ''enshaku'', ''rinshaku'', ''gyōshaku'', and ''fushaku''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Borrowed scenery」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|